Biodiesel is a clean, renewable alternative fuel. The performance comparison test between biodiesel and 0# diesel was carried out on a four-cylinder supercharged direct injection diesel engine. The dynamics, economy and emission characteristics of biodiesel and 0# diesel were determined at different speeds and loads. The test results show that compared with 0# diesel fuel, the engine power is improved, the effective energy consumption rate is reduced, HC and soot emissions are greatly reduced, NOX emissions are increased, and CO emissions are increased at medium and low speeds.